[Antimicrobial effect of some medicinal smoke, Iranian traditional medicine]

Background: Nowadays, science tries to find a way to control the pathogens in public place and health centers. The use of medicinal smokes is common in Iranian traditional medicine to improve air quality and purify air

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Herbal fume, contain frankincense, clove, sandalwood and camel grass against a variety of microorganisms

Methods: Herbal smoke include, sandalwood [Santalum album], camel grass [Cymbopogon schoenanthus], condor [Boswellia sacra] and clove [Syzygium aromaticum], against microorganisms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans, was investigated

Results: Sandalwood and camel grass fumes could inhibit C. albicans completely both in 7 minutes and inhibit B. subtilis in turn in 9 minute and 11 minute. Also they could inhibit E. coli and S. aureus in turn in 10 and 9 minute. Frankincense and clove fume had no significant effects. Mixing two plants, sandalwood and camel grass in the ratio 1:1, will enhanced the antimicrobial effects of these smoke and the inhibition time come shorter

Conclusion: According to this research, Sandalwood and camel grass smoke have significant effect. Microbes and fungi showed great sensitivity against herbal fume and the smoke expressed the possibility of industrial usage. Further research is required to identify the chemical composition of these plant smokes

Anti-ulcer activity of Sandalwood (Santalum album L) stem hydro-alcoholic extract in three gastric-ulceration models of Wistar rats / Actividad anti-ulcerosa del tallo de Sándalo (Santalum album L) en extractos hidro-alcoholicosen tres modelos de ulceración gástrica de ratas Wistar

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is used in various traditional systems of medicine, like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicine to treat a wide range of ailments. In Unani medicine, Safed Sandal is used to treat gastric ulcers, hence the present study was undertaken to confirm this claim. A limit test as per OECD guidelines was conducted at a dose of 5000 mg/kg to determine the acute toxic dose of Hydro-alcoholic extract from S. album stem (SASE). Two test doses of SASE (250 and 500 mg/kg) were subjected to screening of anti-ulcer activity by three in-vivo models namely – water immersion - restrain stress, ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulceration models in albino wistar rats. A proton-pump inhibitor, Omeprazole 10 mg/kg and H2 receptor antagonist, Ranitidine 50 mg/kg were employed as standard drugs. The results revealed an increase in gastric protection as a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in average number of ulcers, severity of ulcers and cumulative ulcer index was observed in the test groups. Histopathological evidences supported the above findings. The observed anti-ulcer effect of SASE at 500 mg/kg was comparable to that of standard drugs used in the experiments indicating significant anti-ulcer potential especially at higher concentration.

Sándalo (Santalum album L.) se utiliza en diversos sistemas de medicina tradicional, como el Ayurveda, Siddha y Unani para tratar una amplia gama de dolencias. En la medicina Unani, Safed Sandal se usa para tratar úlceras gástricas, por lo tanto, el presente estudio se realizó para confirmar esta afirmación. Una prueba de límite según las directrices de la OCDE se llevó a cabo a una dosis de 5000 mg/kg para determinar la dosis tóxica aguda del extracto hidroalcohólico del tallo de S. álbum (SASE). Dos dosis de prueba de SASE (250 y 500 mg/kg) se sometieron al estudio de la actividad anti-úlcera por tres modelos in vivo, a saber: la inmersión en agua – estrés de restricción, y la ulceración gástrica inducida por etanol e indometacina, en ratas Wistar albinas. Un inhibidor de la bomba de protones, omeprazol 10 mg/kg y el antagonista de los receptores H2, ranitidina 50 mg/kg fueron empleados como fármacos estándar. Los resultados revelaron un aumento de la protección gástrica como una disminución significativa (p < 0.001) en el número promedio de úlceras, la gravedad de las úlceras y el índice de úlcera acumulativo se observó en los grupos de prueba. Evidencias histopatológicas apoyaron las conclusiones anteriores. El efecto anti úlcera observado por efecto de SASE a 500 mg/kg fue comparable a la de fármacos estándar utilizados en los experimentos que indican un significativo potencial anti-úlcera, especialmente a mayores concentraciones.

Study of flavonoids from leaves of Santalum album / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the flavonoids from the leaves of Santalum album.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The sample was extracted with 70% ethanol by continuous thermal reflux. The extraction was separated and purified by column chromatography over macroporous adsorption resin, polyamide and sephadexlh-20. Their structures were identified by detailed spectroscopic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Eight flavonoids were isolated and identified as vicenin-2 (1), vitexin (2), isovitexin (3), orientin (4), isoorientin (5). chrysin-8-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), chrysin-6-C-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7), and isorhamnetin (8).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time.</p>

Effect of Santalum album on tissue distribution of danshensu in rabbits by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of Shi herb (Santalum album, SA) to the tissue distribution of danshensu (DSS) which is the main hydrosoluble component of Jun herb (Salvia miltiorrhiza, SM) in rabbits by HPLC.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Rabbits were oral administrated decoction of SM and SM-SA, respectively. Perchloric acid (10%) was used to precipitate the tissue samples of rabbits heart, brain, liver, kidney, acetic ether was used to extracte supernatant, and the internal standard was p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The content of DSS of SM in tissues was detected.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The content of DSS reached the highest point close to 50 min in the mentioned tissues. Before and after co-administration, the sequences of average concentration of DSS in tissues were C(kidney) > C(heart) > C(brain) > C(liver) and C(kidney) > C(liver) > C(brain) > C(heart) respectively. Compared with SM administrated singly, the content of DSS in every tissues of co-administration was higher.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In Danshenyin Formulae, SA can increase concentration of DSS in target tissues significantly, and therefore therapeutic effect of SM for cardiovascular disease is raised.</p>